Xu et al. (2020) classify JS obfuscation into lexical (renaming, encoding), data (string splitting, array rotation), and control-flow categories. Packers like UglifyJS and javascript-obfuscator are widely used, while malware often employs custom packers with nested eval and Function constructors.
Deobfuscation, unpacking, and decoding of obfuscated malicious JavaScript for machine learning models detection performance improvement : Samuel Ndichu , Sangwook Kim , and Seiichi Ozawa ResearchGate Publication : Originally published in CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology (2020) and cited in ongoing 2025/2026 research. : The paper describes DUD-preprocessing javascript+deobfuscator+and+unpacker+portable
Even the best portable tools hit limits. Here’s how to bypass them: Xu et al
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